Currently, most biofilm remediation strategies involve the development of biofilm-inhibition agents, aimed at preventing the early stages of biofilm formation, or biofilm-dispersal agents, aimed at disrupting the biofilm cell community. Biofilms are recalcitrant to antibiotic therapy and a major cause of persistent and recurrent infections by clinically important pathogens worldwide (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus). Most free-living bacteria can attach to surfaces and aggregate to grow into multicellular communities encased in extracellular polymeric substances called biofilms. 3School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.2School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. 1Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.Verderosa 1,2,3 *, Makrina Totsika 1,2 and Kathryn E.
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